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variable is used. If no address is specified, the MD continues from the last printed Address. The address is printed at the beginning, and the character conversion is printed at the end.The MCM command carries the address/symbol and the byte count to display the initial memory content of the byte-count bytes starting from the specified address. It is essentially the same as MD, but it does not show the starting address and does not show character conversion at the end. The command is rarely use
enter a series of commands to execute all these tasks at the same time. Defcmd allows you to define your own commands. this command can contain one or more predefined KDB commands. Then, you only need to use one command to complete all the three tasks. The syntax is as follows: [Code: 1: 6ddc15f4ad] [0] kdb> defcmd name "usage" "help" [0] kdb> [defcmd] type the commands here [0] kdb> [defcmd] endefcmd [/code: 1: 6ddc15f4ad] For example, you can define a (simple) new command, hari, which displ
1. debugrel setting 1) Select armlinker from target setting> linker. Used to set connection 2) Target Setting-> post-linker: Select arm fromelf. Used to generate flash burning code (only run in Ram, not burning) 3) add an address in arm linker-> Ro Base According to the sub-board, the sub-board is connected to nscs6 by Ram, address 0xc000000-0xc7fffff; Nscs0 connected to flash, address 0x00000-0xfffff For the IP Address allocation principle, s
seems wrong (now there are methods that can be used in 2000 and XP)Favorite friends can use3) flashpgm (recommended)Simple Program, GUI interface, and high speed.The setting is very simple. Select the correct model in the CPU, of course, it is a 3-star 44b0. The same is true in flash, where both 39lv160 and 29lv160 are available.Confirm the address. The RAM address is 0xc000000 (on bank7). The flash Address is 0x0 (on bank0)Read the flash ID after th
okay.6. solder the crystal + Ram + Rom + peripheral circuit and connect it with the banyant + simulator. The correct 44b0 is displayed.7. Connect with the banyant + simulator, open the axd, and operate the RAM in the command line window to see if it can be modified. If yes (use the RAM address in the memory window), the RAM will be fine.You can use this command to "setmem 0xc000000, 0 xffffffff, 32"My Ram is mounted on bank6, so the address is
indicate the start and end addresses of each region that cannot be accessed by the cache. In areas that cannot be accessed by the cache, the cache cannot be updated when the cache does not hit or when a read operation is performed. If the addresses that affect data inconsistency are known, you can use the method of setting the region where the cache cannot be accessed to prevent data inconsistency. Sometimes, if the data area is arranged in a non-cache area, the program runs at a higher speed b
// XK> Origin Go deep into Linux kernel architecture P144. Read questions and try again. // XK> foreshadowing Generally, the virtual address space is divided into process address space and kernel address space by. The virtual address space of 32-bit machines with 4 GB memory is divided into kernel address space. (1) The first 896m of the kernel address space is the physical page frame mapped directly, that is, the 896m on the physical memory can be directly mapped (through linear offset
crystal + Ram + Rom + peripheral circuit and connect it with the banyant + simulator. The correct 44b0 is displayed.7. Connect with the banyant + simulator, open the axd, and operate the RAM in the command line window to see if it can be modified. If yes (use the RAM address in the memory window), the RAM will be fine.You can use this command to "setmem 0xc000000, 0 xffffffff, 32"My Ram is mounted on bank6, so the address is
diagram (JTAG viewer with wigggler) 2. Design a PCB (a JTAG viewer with a wigggler) 3 Versions 4. welding voltage. Check whether the voltage is correct. 5. Weld 44b0 + JTAG circuit + JTAG access device of wigggler + peripheral circuit and connect it with the banyant + simulator. The banyant prompts an error, but the 44b0 number can be displayed, which may be 0x0f0f0f only, it means 44b0 is okay. 6. solder the crystal + Ram + Rom + peripheral circuit and connect it with the banyant + simulator.
/delete implementation is an operator, and the implementation of Malloc/free is a library of functions, obviously different equivalents.Specific analysis: http://blog.jobbole.com/109562/Analysis: The difference between heaps and stacks. Second, kernel-level memory allocation. 1.x86: Divide the 1g kernel virtual memory address into 4 regions: Direct Memory mapped area dynamic memory mapped area permanent memory mapped area fixed memory map area Direct Memory Map area mapping relationship: In ke
$ limit |; Add 1 to the end address of the RO segment; | Image $ RW $ base |; start address of the RW segment; | Image $ RW $ limit |; Add 1 to the RW segment end address; | Image $ Zi $ base |; start address of the Zi segment; | Image $ Zi $ limit |; Add 1 to the end address of the Zi segmentThe value of these labels is determined by the compiler settings, such as the ro-base and RW-base settings in the compilation software, such as ro-base = 0xc000000
mapped to the physical memory. After the physical memory ing area, it is the vmalloc area. For a M system, the vmalloc_start location should be around 3G + M (an 8 m gap exists between the physical memory ing zone and vmalloc_start to prevent the gap ), the location of vmalloc_end is close to 4 GB (the system will retain a kb area for dedicated page ing) The memory requested by kmalloc and get_free_page is located in the physical memory ing area and is physically continuous. They have only a fi
gap exists between the physical memory ing zone and vmalloc_start to prevent the gap ), the location of vmalloc_end is close to 4 GB (the system will reserve a K area for dedicated page ing), for example: The memory requested by kmalloc and get_free_page is located in the physical memory ing area and is physically continuous. They have only a fixed offset with the real physical address, so there is a simple conversion relationship, virt_to_phys () can be used to convert the kernel virtual addre
(page_offset = 0xc000000 ).The corresponding function is phys_to_virt (), which converts the physical address of the kernel to a virtual address: # DEFINE _ VA (x) (void *) (unsigned long) (x) + page_offset ))Extern inline void * phys_to_virt (unsigned long address){Return _ VA (Address );} Both maid () and phys_to_virt () are defined in include \ asm-i386 \ Io. h.The memory applied for by vmalloc is located in vmalloc_start ~ There is no simple
before the fixed ing linear address space is called the Region allocated by vmalloc, there is also a blank page between them. A linear address of fixed ing is basically a constant linear address similar to 0xffffc000. Its physical address does not have to be equal to a linear address minus 0xc000000, but is created in any way through a page table. Therefore, the linear addresses of each fixed ing are mapped to a page box in the physical memory. The
(void) (include/asm-i386/Mach-default/setup_arch_post.h) function to create a physical address ing in which, obtain the memory ing information through the e820 table of BIOS. If you cannot obtain information from the e820 table, this function creates a memory ing table by default: The page box between 0x9f and 0x100 is marked as retained. The setup_memory (void) function is called after machine_specific_memory_setup to analyze the physical address area and initialize some data to describe the p
, virt_to_phys () can be used to convert the kernel virtual address to the physical address:# DEFINE _ Pa (x) (unsigned long) (x)-page_offset)Extern inline unsigned long comment _to_phys (volatile void * address){Return _ Pa (Address );}The above conversion process is to subtract the virtual address 3G (page_offset = 0xc000000 ). The corresponding function is phys_to_virt (), which converts the physical address of the kernel to a virtual address:# DEF
should be near 3g+160m (there is also a 8M gap between the physical memory map area and the Vmalloc_start to prevent the leap), and the vmalloc_end position is close to 4G ( The final position system retains a 128k size area for dedicated page mappings, such as:Kmalloc and Get_free_page application memory is located in the physical memory map area, but also physically continuous, they have a fixed offset from the real physical address, so there is a simpler conversion relationship, Virt_to_phys
memory map. We could make this a config* option, but too many people screw it up, and too few need* it.** a __page_offset of 0xC000000 0 means that the kernel has* a virtual address space of one gigabyte, which limits the* amount of physical memory can Use of about 950MB. * * If you want more physical memory than the config_highmem4g* and CONFIG_HIGHMEM64G options in the kernel C Onfiguration.*//** This much address space was reserved for Vmalloc ()
conversion relationship where Virt_to_phys () can convert the kernel virtual address into a physical address:#define __PA (x) ((unsigned long) (x)-page_offset) extern inline unsigned long virt_to_phys (volatile void * address) {return __PA (address);}The above conversion process is to subtract 3G (page_offset=0xc000000) from the virtual address. The corresponding function is Phys_to_virt (), which translates the internal nuclear physics address into
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